“This painting is a dazzling display of nature's airborne creatures, meticulously rendered by Jan van Kessel the Elder. It's an "Allegory of Air," part of a series on the four elements, showcasing a 17th-century fascination with the natural world through an explosion of detailed life.”
In this vibrant "Allegory of Air," a central figure, likely a personification of Air, is surrounded by a profusion of creatures and objects associated with the sky. Birds of various species, from tiny songbirds to larger raptors, fill the canvas, some perched, others in mid-flight. Jan van Kessel the Elder, a Flemish painter working in the mid-17th century, was known for his meticulous and almost scientific precision in depicting the natural world. Here, he transforms that detailed observation into an elaborate allegorical scene, where each feather and wing seems to be rendered with individual care. The composition, rich with detail, invites close inspection, revealing a world teeming with life, all connected to the element of air. This work is part of a larger series on the four elements, a popular subject for allegorical painting at the time, reflecting a contemporary fascination with categorizing and understanding the natural world.
- Artist
- Jan van Kessel the Elder
- Date
- 1661
What to Notice
Four details hide in plain sight. Here’s where to look.

The delicate wings of the butterflies fluttering near the central figure.
The variety of birds, from a peacock to smaller, unidentifiable species.
The intricate details of the feathers on each bird.
The subtle atmospheric perspective in the background landscape.
Stand in front of it and listen
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Jan van Kessel the Elder
1626–1679 · Habsburg NetherlandsJan van Kessel the Elder, a Flemish painter and great-grandson of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, meticulously captured the natural world, from insects to allegorical continents.
Further Works by van Kessel the Elder
Bouquet of flowers in a glass vase
1659 · Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum
Floral Still Life
1633 · Museo del Prado
Allegory of air and water
1650 · Musée des Beaux-Arts de Quimper
A sculpted cartouche with floral still life, with the christ child as salvator mundi
1650 · SØR Rusche Collection
Concert of cats
1650
Lying otter on a rocky shore
1650
Poultry and birds with a view of Brussels
1650
The Triumph of Amphitrite
1650 · Musée des Beaux-Arts de Quimper
More works to explore
Beyond van Kessel the Elder: works from the same years.
Same era · 1640s–1670s
View of Delft
Johannes Vermeer · 1661 · Mauritshuis
Same era · 1640s–1670s
Woman with a Pink
Rembrandt · 1660 · The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Same era · 1640s–1670s
Frans Hals (1582/83–1666)
Frans Hals · 1650 · The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Same era · 1640s–1670s
Portrait of a woman, possibly Sophia Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg (1634-1663)
Salomon Duarte · 1661 · Bavarian State Painting Collections
Same era · 1640s–1670s
Resurrection of Christ
Samuel van Hoogstraten · 1665 · Art Institute of Chicago
Same era · 1640s–1670s
The Music Lesson
Gerard ter Borch the Younger · 1670 · Art Institute of Chicago
Same era · 1640s–1670s
A lady holding a crucifix
Willem van der Vliet · 1650
Same era · 1640s–1670s
The Denial of Saint Peter
Georges de La Tour · 1650 · Nantes Museum of Arts
Same era · 1640s–1670s
The wedding party
Jan Steen · 1660 · Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen
Same era · 1640s–1670s
The Fall of the Giants
Jacob Jordaens · 1663 · Art Institute of Chicago
Same era · 1640s–1670s
Portrait of Edouard Molé
Robert Nanteuil · 1653 · Art Institute of Chicago
Same era · 1640s–1670s
Wolf
Jan van Os · 1655 · Art Institute of Chicago
